Russian
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Russian draughts is played on the dark squares only of a standard checkerboard of 64 alternating dark and light squares, (eight rows, eight files) by two opponents having 12 checkers each of contrasting colors, nominally referred to as black and white.
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The board is positioned squarely between the players and turned so that a dark square is at each player's near left side. Each player places his checkers on the dark squares of the three rows nearest him. The player with the lighter checkers makes the first move of the game, and the players take turns thereafter, making one move at a time.
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The object of the game is to prevent the opponent from being able to move when it is his turn to do so. This is accomplished either by capturing all of the opponent's checkers, or by blocking those that remain so that none of them can be moved. If neither player can accomplish this, the game is a draw.
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Single checkers, known as men, move forward only, one square at a time in a diagonal direction, to an unoccupied square. Men capture by jumping over an opposing man on a diagonally adjacent square to the square immediately beyond, but may do so only if this square is unoccupied. Men may jump forward or backward, and may continue jumping as long as they encounter opposing checkers with unoccupied squares immediately beyond them. Men may never jump over checkers of the same color.
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A man which reaches the far side of the board becomes a king. If it reaches the far side by means of a jump, it continues jumping as a king on the same move, if possible, and remains a king at the end of the jumping sequence. When a man becomes a king the turn to move passes to the other player, who must crown the new king by placing a checker of the same color atop it. A player is not permitted to make his own move until he crowns his opponent's king.
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Kings move forward or backward any number of squares on a diagonal line to an unoccupied square. Kings capture from any distance along a diagonal line by jumping, forward or backward, over an opposing man or king with at least one unoccupied square immediately beyond it. The capturing king then lands on any one of these unoccupied squares (except as noted in rule 7) and continues jumping, if possible, either on the same line, or by making a right angle turn onto another diagonal line. Kings may never jump over checkers of the same color.
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Whenever a player is able to make a capture he must do so. When there is more than one way to jump, a player may choose any way he wishes, not necessarily the one which results in the capture of the greatest number of opposing units. When a king jumps over an opposing man or king with more than one unoccupied square immediately beyond it, it must land on a square from which it is possible to continue jumping, if there is such a square. If there is more than one such square, any may be chosen. However, once a player chooses a sequence of captures, he must make all the captures possible in that sequence. He may not leave one or more checkers uncaptured that he could capture simply by continuing to jump. A "huff" of a checker for failure to jump properly is not permitted. The incorrect move must be retracted, and a correct move must be made. If possible, the correct move must be made with the man or king originally moved incorrectly.
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A man or king may not jump over the same opposing man or king more than once.
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Captured checkers are not removed from the board until all jumps made on the move are completed, and the hand is removed from the capturing man or king.
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A draw is recorded automatically, without an offer (rules of the Russian Draughts Federation, items 6.1.8 and 5.4.13):
- the same position occurs for the third time with the same player to move;
- one player has a lone king, the other has three or more kings and does not capture it by their 15th move since that balance of forces arose;
- a lone king stands on the main road (the a1–h8 diagonal), the opponent has three pieces off that diagonal and does not capture it by their 5th move;
- both players have kings and the balance of forces does not change — no captures and no new kings: 5 moves in endings with 2–3 pieces, 30 moves with 4–5 pieces, 60 moves with 6–7 pieces;
- both players move only kings, with no man moves and no captures: 15 moves in endings with 4–5 pieces, 25 moves with 6–7 pieces.
"Moves" here means moves by each player.